Реферат: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Реферат: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Exploration - a historical phenomenon. As craft, it is perhaps not
the oldest, but surely the second. The variety of views of various historians
on the social nature of intelligence and espionage combines them into one -
they all agree on the fact that the secret services are at least 33 centuries.
More precisely, they were born when the war began. In any military conflict,
whether primitive slaughter or the Second World War, in varying degrees, of
course, there is a tactical ruse, calculated to deceive the enemy. But in order
to deceive and defeat the enemy, you need to know it. As a historical
phenomenon, intelligence and espionage, as well as the war in different times
takes different forms. Types and characters of scouts and spies change their
color depending on the social and political system which they serve. History
piled century in his piggy bank. In place of one of the formations came others,
and the time changed the very concept of the secret service, and with it the
essence of military and state secrets. Transformed and society's attitude to
those who devoted his life to a dangerous profession. On the one hand, Noah,
they were regarded as heroes of the invisible front, on the other - as
despicable mercenaries. For centuries the word "intelligence" has
been shrouded in reverence and deep respect, and the word "spy" was
uttered with contempt and disgust. In the explanatory dictionary by Vladimir
Dal: "Spy - the spy, spy, hidden spy, and a carrier ... Spy - soglyadat,
lazutnichat, pry, listen, call that on the one hand, and send the opposite;
serve as scout ... But Vladimir Dahl admits that "spying in wartime is
allowed ...
Chapter 2 History of the Foreign Intelligence
Any State, as the organization of political power, as the unit of
society, needs a mechanism which would protect it from encroachment on its
sovereignty, integrity and power.
The most important part of this mechanism is intelligence.
Reconnaissance activities is to collect and analyze information
about the alleged internal and external threats to the state and society, as
well as in activities to prevent and eliminate these threats.
History of U.S. foreign intelligence began during the Second World
War. According to Kim Philby, to this "secret information from other countries
come in limited quantities as a result of" extraordinary "actions of
American military attaches and diplomats."
In New York in 1940 was British focal point for the security of
American supplies to Britain. William Stephenson, head of the organization,
gave the main force in persuading Americans of the need to create your own
intelligence service. He attracted interest in this from President Roosevelt.
In 1942 it established the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), headed by General
Donovan. At this time, involving close cooperation with British intelligence.
SSA was originally established as a research and analysis
organization. Subsequently, it was to the same task to plan and carry out
special operations.
After the war, all parts of SSA, except the secret intelligence
service and service analysis, were dissolved. In 1945, the analytical units
were transferred to the State Department, and the operational units - Ministry
of War.
In his address to Congress on Mar. 12, 1947, President Truman
declared that the communists threaten U.S. security. Based on the draft General
Donovan, Truman recommended the establishment of the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA).
It was openly functioning executive authority, although it lay as
many duties of a secret nature.
In August 1961, was established by Defense Intelligence Agency
(DIA). Its first director was appointed Lt. Gen. Joseph Carroll.
The main task of this organization was to ensure maximum
coordination and effectiveness of intelligence work carried out by the army,
air force and navy.
Chapter 3 Structure of the U.S. intelligence community
At present, according to official data in the structure of the U.S. intelligence community includes the following organizations:
I. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
II. The intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Defense
III. The intelligence organizations within the U.S. civilian agencies
IY. Headquarters Intelligence (intelligence community) or Central
Intelligence.
I. Central Intelligence Agency CIA's number
according to the press in 1989 exceeded 20 thousand people.
The budget of the CIA, also according to the press in 1989 amounted
to $ 4 billion, and the entire community - about $ 25 billion in 1986, it was
reported that the CIA's annual budget increased by 20%. In the same year in the
Washington Post it was reported that in 1979 the entire intelligence budget of
approximately $ 12 billion in 1986, he has more than doubled, and by 1990 will
increase three-fold. In 1975, the Comptroller General of the Chief countable
management (the audit arm of Congress) E. Staats has publicly stated that the
budget for American intelligence (of all the intelligence organizations of the U.S.) may reach 5% of the total federal budget of the United States. In 1977, the Senate committee
report for the first time, it was stated that the overall race moves into the
national intelligence account for 3% of the total federal budget of the United States, the CIA and the cost is approximately 10% of the entire intelligence budget.
Consequently, the total cost of U.S. intelligence in the early 90-ies were
about $ 60 billion annually, while the CIA's expenditures - about $ 6 billion
annually.
Structure of the CIA According to U.S. press reports the CIA
consists of five major directorates and a number of independent units.
1. Operations Directorate - solves the problem of obtaining the
information by human intelligence, organizes and conducts covert operations,
carries out counter-intelligence software intelligence activities, is engaged
in the fight against terrorism and narcotics.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Management of foreign intelligence, supervises the operational
divisions, which are divided into two groups: geographical divisions:
- Division of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe;
- Department of Latin America;
- Department of Middle East and South Asia;
- Africa Division - Department of East Asia.
Departments in areas of work:
- Department of Foreign resources (agent-operative work with the United States);
- Department of International Affairs (planning and conduct of
covert paramilitary operations);
- Department of gathering information on the United States;
- Department of evasion;
- Division of businesses and others;
- Management of foreign counterintelligence - provides security
intelligence and the CIA Central Intelligence th apparatus, carries out
penetration of foreign intelligence services, queries defectors. In 1993,
management created counterintelligence center to coordinate counterintelligence
activities of all U.S. counterintelligence agencies.
- Office of covert operations - developing and implementing covert
operations.
- Office of Technical Services (the "D") - provides
technical support covert operations.
- Financial Planning Office - provides planning and funding of all
activities of the Directorate.
- Center for Combating Terrorism - coordinates the activities of the
CIA station in the fight against international terrorism.
- Center for Drug - performs analysis of all information on drugs,
develops and conducts operational activities against the most dangerous
drug-trafficking organizations.
2. Scientific and Technical Directorate - conducts research and
development of technical means of gathering information, exploits them,
maintains contacts with major research centers of the United States.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Management of research and development of technical systems - is
engaged in basic and applied research in various fields (artificial
intelligence, process modeling, semiconductor systems, communications, etc.)
- Office of Development and Design has been developing and operating
large-scale technical systems for collecting information
- Office of radio intercepts - operates and maintains the latest
equipment to collect and analyze information
- Logistics Management - develops and manufactures various
operational equipment (means of cryptography, eavesdropping, covert
photography, etc.)
- Information service on foreign radio listens and record foreign
radio and television programs - National Center for deciphering materials
aerospace exploration.
3. Information Analysis Directorate-head under the division of the
entire U.S. intelligence processing and analysis of intelligence information
and training outputs intelligence for the president, the National Security
Council and Congress.
The main output documents of the Directorate are:
- Memorandum warning "- information about the threat of attack
or maturing crisis that could escalate into a major armed conflict;
- The daily intelligence reports and a weekly report to the
president, vice-president, secretary, defense minister, presidential adviser on
national security and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
- Daily review of national intelligence - is sent to 200 addresses;
- National intelligence estimates, containing an analysis and
forecast of development of the most important problems.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Office of Information Analysis by country, the former Soviet bloc
- Office of Information Analysis of European countries
- Office of Information Analysis for the Middle East and South Asia
- Office of Information Analysis of East Asia
- Office of Information Analysis in Africa and Latin America
- Manage current product and to provide analytical work produces
information material of the Directorate.
In its structure there is a non-stop operations center tracking the
maturing crisis situations that threaten U.S. security
- Management of scientific research in the field of armaments
analyzes the technical aspects of weapons and space systems of other countries
- Management of global problems - is analyzing the economic,
geographic and technological issues at the international level
- Office of Information Resources - provides information and
referral functions, provides storage, retrieval and delivery of information,
has a large fleet of powerful computers
- Manage the analysis of information on foreign leaders
- Department provide guidance and analytical work
- Department training assignments and assessments
- The Department of Arms Control.
4. Administrative Directorate - deals with recruitment for the CIA,
training and retraining of personnel, ensures the safety of personnel and
facilities of the CIA, has Cryptovox with residency, financial, health and
economic services, develops and operates electronic information storage and
retrieval of information.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Office of Personnel
- Management training and retraining
- Office Safety
- Financial Management
- Manage storage and retrieval
- Management of computer equipment
- Communications
- Medical Management
- Commercial management
5. Planning Directorate - established in 1989 engaged in planning
and coordinating intelligence, tracking new requirements for intelligence
information in connection with "tumultuous changes taking place in the
world, and the need for rapid response to them." The structure of the
Directorate in the press coverage.
6. Office of the Chief Counsel. The department gives advice and
monitor compliance with the Constitution, laws, Criminal Code and existing
rules and regulations.
7. Department inspector general. The Inspector General is appointed
by the President and approved by the U.S. Senate. He is accountable to the U.S.
president and Congress, but must coordinate their activities with the Director
of the CIA. The department has its own budget and personnel autonomous
apparatus. Division conducts inspections and investigations of the CIA unit,
investigates complaints of staff.
8. Division of Financial Audit - monitors all financial activities
of the CIA.
9. Secretariat of the CIA.
10. Financial planning department.
11. Department of History of the CIA.
12. Division shifroperepiski.
13. Board of Review of publications about the CIA.
14. Office of Public Affairs or pressluzhba CIA - carries out
liaison with community organizations and the media.
15. Liaison Office with the legislature - the CIA is responsible for
liaison with Congress, particularly the Commission on Intelligence of the
Senate and House of Representatives is preparing responses to congressional
inquiries, arranges for their visit to the CIA, speaking to them, intelligence
officers, etc.
II. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Defense
These intelligence units include:
- The intelligence unit in its defense ministry
- U.S. Army intelligence unit
- The intelligence unit of the Ministry of the U.S. Air Force - the
intelligence unit of the Ministry of the Navy
1. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Defense:
- Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) - is engaged in military and
strategic intelligence. U.S. President's Executive Order number 12333 on
December 4, 1981 "The intelligence activities of the United States"
at DIA assigned task: to collect and analyze information to the Minister of
Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, other units of the Ministry of Defense, as well
as appropriate for non-military departments to implement coordination of all
intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Defense. According to press
reports the number of DIA is more than 6 thousand people, including 1 thousand
people working abroad in the military attashatah.
At the DIA about 80% of all appropriations for the exploration.
DIA has a complicated structure. In its submission includes a number
of educational institutions.
- National Security Agency (NSA) is a division of the Ministry of
Defense, while working in liaison with the CIA. Under the executive order
number 12333 NSA organizes and collects information through electronic
surveillance, as well as the development of codes and ciphers. ANB has one of
the largest in the U.S. centers for data processing, supply the most powerful
computers in the United States. According to press reports the number of NSA
personnel, including troops, more than 120 thousand people.
The agency serves about 2 thousand radio intercept stations located
around the world.
2. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of the U.S. Army:
- Intelligence of the Ministry of the Army. The structure consists
of intelligence departments of Army Staff in all theaters of war.
- Intelligence and Security Command U.S. Army. Its structure
consists of Command Security and Intelligence U.S. Army (joints and parts of
the U.S. Army) at the theaters.
3. The intelligence unit of the Ministry of the U.S. Air Force - Air
Intelligence Agency, consisting of a central office (which numbered according
to the press in 1988 amounted to 2, 300 officers), and intelligence agencies in
several theaters of military operations, and aviation commands, types of
aircraft.
- National air and space exploration for the United States.
According to press this administration budget exceeding $ 8 billion
- Command security and electronic warfare the U.S. Air Force, which
according to press reports in 1983 were more than 10 thousand officers.
4. The intelligence unit of the Ministry of the Navy
- Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Naval units under his
subordinates in the areas of operations of the fleets
- Command of Naval Intelligence
- Intelligence and Security Command U.S. Navy
- Intelligence of the U.S. Marine Corps
III. The intelligence organizations within the U.S. civilian
agencies
By the intelligence organizations of the U.S. civilian agencies
include:
- U.S. State Department's intelligence organizations
- Intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Commerce
- Intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Finance of the USA
- Intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Energy, USA
- FBI intelligence unit.
1. Exploration U.S. State Department
The Office of Intelligence and Research Department of State (IDA).
Under the executive order number 12333 IDA provides a collection of
open methods of information necessary to conduct U.S. foreign policy, and
prepare and distribute intelligence information.
However, IDA is coordinating with the other members of the
intelligence community to collect information, and is also involved in covert
operations. IBA asks the State Department officials after their return from
zagrankomandirovok to obtain intelligence information, IBA participated in the
development of the National Intelligence Program USA.
2. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Commerce's
- Department intelligence ties
- Department of Intelligence Agency to facilitate export operations
- Department assess the possibilities of foreign ex tailor management
3. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Finance of the USA
- Intelligence Support Division is responsible for collecting and
analyzing intelligence information through the capacity of the Ministry of
Finance, as well as coordinating with other organizations of the intelligence
community.
Gather information abroad engaged attache Financial Officer of the
diplomatic representation of the United States.
Under the executive order number 12333 from 1981, the collection of
information is made public methods. Information is collected on the financial
and monetary situation of foreign countries.
- Secret Service of the Ministry of Finance - provides protection to
the President and Vice-President, members of their families, official guests of
the government, the protection of government buildings and facilities. Service
has 1, 5 thousand employees, it has been collecting intelligence and
counterintelligence information on all U.S. and foreign organizations and
individuals who may pose a potential threat to protected persons and objects.
4. Intelligence Unit of the Ministry of Energy
- The Department of Defense Intelligence Information Management for
International Security Affairs - has its first intelligence apparatus overseas,
but every employee in the Ministry of Energy, going abroad is obliged to return
to provide a written report containing his collection of information to the
Office of International Security Affairs.
According to the executive order of President number 12333 this
department collects information on foreign energy, especially on the
development and manufacture of nuclear weapons, nuclear energy.
5. FBI intelligence unit - is the management of the FBI
counterintelligence. It has a duty to obtain intelligence information, using
all the tacit means at its disposal, both in the U.S. and abroad. It is not
only the intelligence gathering of foreign nations, but also assists in
collecting foreign intelligence information to other organizations of the
intelligence community.
IY. Headquarters intelligence community or the Central Intelligence.
The coordinating body of all U.S. intelligence. It includes
representatives of all U.S. intelligence agencies. The head of the headquarters
director of central intelligence, who is ex officio director of the CIA.
Director of Central Intelligence shall appoint Directorate. In the composition
of the staff of Staff Intelligence consists of eight committees (service line),
and several management teams.
The budget, the number of staff are published officially. In 1989
the budget amounted to 23, 5 million dollars at the number of 224 persons.
Chapter 4 Legislation on intelligence
In the United States regularly published collections of regulations
on the activities of the intelligence community.
In 1987 he was issued the next collection "Compilation on
intelligence laws and relaited laws and executiwe orders of interest to the
national intelligence community" in it - more than 100 existing
regulations.
Principal regulations 11. National Security Act of 1947
This law was approved by the national security mechanism, consisting
of the National Security Council, the Ministry of Defense and the Central
Intelligence Agency.
The same law, Article 102 was established by the CIA, headed by the
Director of Central Intelligence, and obey the National Security Council, whose
function is to coordinate the intelligence activities of all intelligence units
and the idea of self-exploration.
Later this law was supplemented by three new sections, each of which
consists of a series of self-made laws.
Section 5 - it included 2 adopted normative acts
1. Act on the Supervision of exploration, which establishes the
control of the President of the implementation of covert operations.
2. Act 1988, reinforcing the re-President of the Congress regarding
covert operations.
Section 6 - Law on the Protection of personal exploration in 1982
The law prohibits the disclosure of any information on manpower and
agency of the CIA, and provides for strict penalties, including a very long
prison terms, for any disclosure by any person, including congressmen.
Section 7 - Information about the CIA in 1984
This law intelligence derived from the application of the law in
1966 on freedom of information. Any information on the exploration should be
published after consideration by the CIA.
12. Law on the CIA in 1949
Basically the law concerns the regulation of financial intelligence,
its official activities, it has sections on information security and the CIA
have sections that provide a simplified procedure for the adoption of American
citizenship by persons who helped the CIA.
13. Pensions Act 1964 the CIA
All employees of U.S. government agencies use general state budget
funds, and for the CIA that law provides for special pensions.
15. Law on the National Security Agency in 1959
14. Law on monitoring the activities of foreign intelligence
services in 1978
There is a whole block of the laws governing the activities of
intelligence services - is annually adopted a law on appropriations for U.S.
intelligence activities. In these laws, except the approval of the actual
budget provision for any but vye norms - extend or modify the rights of members
of the intelligence community.
Executive orders of the U.S. President.
In American legal theory and practice, these executive orders BOXIES
regarded as a kind of normative acts of executive power, forming part of
federal law and are binding for all, without exception, U.S. government
agencies.
The most important of the executive orders of the President on the
activities of exploration is the order number 12333 from 1981
He defined the composition of the intelligence community and the
challenges its members.
Chapter 5 Conclusion
To date, the intelligence community had the structure described
above, but now, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the changes in
Eastern Europe and other events worldwide, as well as in connection with
numerous high-profile failures and scandals, prepared by the radical
restructuring of intelligence.
But in any case, intelligence will remain the most important
component part of the soup of the American state.
Speaking January 4, 1994 at CIA headquarters before hundreds of
mines by U.S. intelligence, U.S. President Bill Clinton said: "The
intelligence is unique in the mission. No one knows this better than those who
have the privilege of working in the White House Oval Office. By transferring
the deposit CIA your photo with autograph, President Truman made her such an
inscription: "Central Intelligence Agency, without which it can not get
the U.S. president, from someone who knows about this firsthand.
Each of my day begins with questions about events that occurred
before and during the night. Like my predecessors, I am compelled to seek
answers to these questions, referring primarily to the intelligence community,
since this is what prevents me and the entire nation on emerging threats, said
the most important trends in the situation in the world. "
Then the President said: "The activities of intelligence is
very important. The end of the Cold War, " enhances the security of the
United States, because it is intelligence, acting in many ways, helped to win
in this confrontation, and certainly not by chance one of the fragments of the
Berlin Wall is a monument to territory of the CIA. But this one, an updated
world is full of dangers and, judging by the many events, it becomes even more
complex and more difficult for a proper understanding of the processes. The
Administration has an acute need for more active information on the development
of ethnic conflicts, the growth of militant nationalism, the threat terrorism
and proliferation of all weapons of mass destruction.
Accurate and reliable intelligence information is the key to
understanding each of these problems and without taking difficult decisions
verified on crises or long-term processes in the world. "
Brief details of the persons who headed the CIA
Roscoe Hillenketer.
Admiral. Since 1920, he served in the U.S. Navy. In 1932 he took
part in the operation of U.S. forces in Nicaragua. In the 30's he worked in
intelligence the United States Navy, then the naval attache in Paris. Participated in the howling is not against Japan. From 1946 re attaché in France. In 1947 he was appointed director of the CIA held this post until 1950.
Walter Bedell Smith.
General. Since 1928, U.S. military intelligence. In 1942 - Chief of
Staff to General Eisenhower on the Mediterranean theater of operations. In
1946-1949. - U.S. Ambassador in Moscow. Since February 1953 Deputy Secretary of
State. Director of the CIA from 1950 to 1953.
Allen Dulles.
Scout professional. Younger brother of John Foster Dulles, U.S.
Secretary of State in the Eisenhower. Most of his life devoted oss-_ 35 _ and
then the CIA. Director of the CIA from 1953 to 1961 the first purely
professional head of CIA covert operations.
John McCone.
Large bznesmen a multimillionaire. In 30 - 40-ies. - President of
several companies. Director of the CIA from 1961 to 1965, was an influential
figure in the last stages of the Kennedy Presidency. After retiring from the
CIA became one of the directors of the American company "International
Telephon & Telegraph".
William Reyborn.
Vice-Admiral. Since 1932, the U.S. Navy. In the last years of
service in the Navy conducted a special program to develop submarines, armed
with missiles "Polaris". After leaving in 1963, resigned, was
appointed vice-president of a major military concern "Aerojet General
Corporation", producing missiles. CIA Director from April 1965 to June
1966
Richard Helms.
Scout professional Helms ancestors on the paternal side emigrated to
the U.S. from Germany. Father - one of the leaders of Aluminum consortium in
America. In 1942 he enlisted in the Navy as a lieutenant.
In 1943, seconded to the CID. Since 1945, associated with Dulles,
served as a resident in Western countries. One of the founders of the CIA.
Supervised Special Operations Division since its inception. Director of the CIA
from 1966 to 1973
James Schlesinger.
A government official in 1950 graduated from Faculty of Economics at
Harvard. from 1963 to 1969 worked at the RAND Corporation, headed the
department of Strategic Studies. Since 1969 - Assistant Director of the Budget
Bureau. In July 1971 he was appointed Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission,
USA. A long time engaged in the research questions nat. security, politics and
finance. CIA Director from February to July 1973 After leaving the CIA was
appointed Minister of Defense.
William Colby.
Scout professional. Began service in the CIA from November 1950
under the "roof" the diplomat worked for the CIA station in Stockholm, Rome and Saigon. Then headed the Far Eastern Division in Lenlgli. In 1972 he became
deputy director of the CIA on "Planning", ie immediate supervisor of
service that U.S. intelligence all covert operations. Director of the CIA from
1973 to 1976
George W. Bush.
Businessman, politician. From 1942 to 1945 served as a pilot on an
aircraft carrier. After the war, selling oilfield equipment. He organized an
oil company in Texas. From 1966 to 1970 - Member of Congress. A 1971-1972 U.S.
Permanent Representative to the UN. Director of the CIA from 1976 to 1977
Stensfild Turner.
Admiral. From 1971 to 1972, head of systems analysis in the
management of the commander of naval operations. From 1974 to 1975 - Commander
of the 2 nd Fleet, U.S. Atlantic Fleet and the shock of NATO. Since 1975 - The
commander of NATO forces in Southern Europe. Director of the CIA from 1977 to
1981
William Casey.
Scout professional. During the Second World War led the operation
OSS in the European theater of military operations. After many years practiced
law on Wall Street, founded a number of companies, has acquired millions. From
1981 to 1987 - the CIA director, the first time in the history of American
intelligence was elevated to the rank of a Cabinet Minister.
William Webster.
Lawyer and politician. Military service from 1943 to 1946 took place
in the U.S. Navy Reserve.
Since 1949, he graduated from the Faculty of Law. Washington, worked
in a private law firm - until 1956, when he was appointed District Attorney
(Eastern District of Missouri).
Since 1971 - District Judge since 1973 - a judge of the Federal
Court of Appeal. In 1978 - 1987 gg. - Director of the FBI. In 1987
following the resignation on health grounds W. Casey, and the failed
appointment of Secretary Gates, has been appointed director of the CIA.
Currently, the Central Intelligence Agency is headed by John Deutch.
There is reliable information about near his bias.
Quote:
"National Security Act of 1947 ... gave exploration a more
influential position in our government than that which belongs to the
exploration of any other government."
(A. Dulles)
"I am absolutely convinced of the need to preserve the CIA's
capabilities for covert operations ... There is a definite foreign policy,
which requires a secret activities."
(William Webster)
"I came to a deep conviction that we must maintain our
exploration at the level of efficiency and continuously improve its
effectiveness. We can not afford to weaken the CIA."
(George Bush)
"In our country there is a powerful and dangerous secret cult
cult intelligence.
The meaning of this cult in achieving foreign policy goals of the U.S. government secret and usually illegal means ... "
(V. Marchetti)
"It's nice to hear about the competence and high professional
qualities of the CIA and other intelligence agencies ..."
(J. Carter)
"Our government, like others, really taking action in the field
of covert operations, in order to carry out foreign policy and protect our
national security ..."
(J. Ford)
"... We Americans are working in intelligence, are proud of it
and those improvements that we have made in this ancient profession."
(W.
Colby)
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