Ðåôåðàò: Life and A.A. Ahmatovoj's creativity
Ðåôåðàò: Life and A.A. Ahmatovoj's creativity
Introduction
The
Russian literature of 20 centuries developed roughly and is inconsistent. The
Russian literature of 20 centuries is not only preservation and development of
traditions of writers and poets of 19 centuries, it and the innovative approach
to creation of new themes, images.
20
centuries in history of Russian poetry were unique time. At that time bright
young poets at once have come to the literature many, talented and searching
for new ways. The hobby for poetry was mass - approximately as now go on rock concerts.
The poet, having got popularity, becomes a figure cult. It was meant, what
exactly to it the God allowed to understand True - and to explain to its other.
Each of poets felt itself as a few prophet, on it huge responsibility laid - to
choose is unique a true way and to specify to its other.
Large
poets united in groups on interests, then to them the set of imitators
adjoined. Symbolists, acmeists, futurists, ishamanists - each of these currents
found the ardent adherents and admirers and not less furious enemies.
In
the beginning of 20 centuries there were many reprisals, many left in
emigration. But the Russian literature of 20 centuries developed prompt rates.
The contribution to development of the Russian literature have brought: Ivan
Alekseevich Bunin, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, Maxim Gorky, Vladimir Vladimirovich
Majakovsky and others.
Now
the most actual is the problem of theoretical judgement of the most complicated
phenomenon, as the Russian literature of 20 centuries. In the abstract I have considered
Anna Andreevny Ahmatovoj's poetry.
Terrestrial
drink is too sweet,
Love
networks are too dense.
Let
sometime my name
Children
will read in the textbook.
A.Ahmatova
1913ã.
The
future poetess was born on June, 23rd 1889 in suburb of Odessa the Big Fountain
in a family of the retired engineer-captain of 2nd rank of Andrey Antonovicha
Gorenko and Inna Erazmovny. In a family was six children. Great-grandmother
Anna on a parent line conducted a sort from Tatar khan Ahmata; therefore the
young writer in the further a beret to itself a surname of the
great-grandmother as a pseudonym. On a parent line, obviously, has passed also
literary gift: known poetess Anna Bunin (1794-1829) was the aunt of the mum's
father.
In
a year after Anna's birth the family moves to Tsarskoe Selo where it grew till
sixteen years, every summer, spending under Sevastopol. Children's summer
memoirs became a basis for its first poem «At the sea» in 1914, and motives of
Imperial village and Pushkin were a creative basis, and frequently and a
support throughout all life.
First
poem Ahmatova has written, when to it was eleven years, and all in maidenly
years has created them about two hundred. She studied in the Tsarskoselsky
Mariinsky female grammar school: «I Studied at first badly, then much better,
but always reluctantly». In Tsarskoe Selo in Christmas Eve 1903 Any Gorenko has
got acquainted with grammar-school boy Nikolay Gumilev, and became the constant
addressee of its poems.
After
divorce of parents in 1905 Ahmatova together with mother moves to Evpatoria,
and later to Kiev. A gymnasia course it passed in-home as it was threatened
with a tuberculosis, but last class has ended in the Fundukleevsky grammar
school in Kiev then has arrived on legal branch of the Kiev higher female
courses.
At
this time she corresponded with Gumilev who have left to Paris. In 1907 in
Paris, in magazine "Sirius" published by Gumilev the poetess has
published the first poem «On its hand many brilliant rings» under the initials
«And. û.
Itself Ahmatova recollected it so: «To me therefore has occurred to take to
itself a pseudonym, that the daddy, having learnt about my verses, has told:«
do not shame my name "." And it is not necessary to me of your name!
»- I have told...»
In
the spring of 1910 after several refusals Ahmatova has agreed to become wife
N.S.Gumileva. Spouses have got married on April, 25th in village church
Nikolsky slobodka near Kiev. The honeymoon has passed in Paris where the
poetess has got acquainted with artist Amadeo Modigliani who has embodied its
shape in a pencil portrait. Leaving Paris, Ahmatova threw in a window of its
workshop farewell red flowers.
In
the autumn 1910 Ahmatova does attempt to be printed independently and sends
verses to «Russian thought» to V.J. Bryusov, asking, whether it is necessary to
it to be engaged in poetry. Having received a negative response, the young
poetess gives verses to magazines "Gaudeamus", «General magazine»,
"Apollo" which publish them. At this time it also becomes Ahmatovoi,
publishing under this pseudonym a poem «the Old portrait». Its debut with the
verses has the same year taken place, and it has met with for the first time
from the husband approval of the creativity. The next year Ahmatova has arrived
on the Petersburg Female historico-literary courses.
Left
in the spring of 1912 the first collection of verses "Evening",
despite modest circulation in three hundred copies, has brought Ahmatovoi
instant glory. The collection has been let out by "Shop of poets» -
association of the poets-akmeistov which secretary have selected Ahmatova.
October,
first, 1912 at a couple the son the Lion, the future historian and the
geographer, the author of the ethnologic theory is born. The same year Ahmatova
gets acquainted with Majakovsky. The poet of which is considered to be most
"loud-voiced" in the Russian poetry, enthusiastically responded about
the personal lyrics of the poetess: «Verses Ahmatovoi monolitn also will
sustain pressure of any voice, not having cracked».
In
1913 on the Higher female Bestuzhevsky courses Ahmatova reads the verses before
a populous audience right after performances of the Block already using glory
of the known poet: «To us has approached êóðñèñòêà
with the list and has told, that my performance after blokovskogo. I have
begged: « Alexander Aleksandrovich, I cannot read after you ». It -
reproachfully - in the answer: « Anna Andreevna, we not the tenor ».
Performance was shining. Popularity Ahmatovoi becomes dizzy. From it drew
portraits, and poetic dedication to it A. Bloka, N. Gumilev, O. Mandelshtama,
M. Lozinsky, V. Shilejko, N. Nedobrovo, V. Pjasta, B. Sadovsky and others have
made in 1925 the anthology «the Image Ahmatovoi».
Despite
popularity, Ahmatova cannot still believe, that its talent is recognised. July,
seventeenth, 1914 she writes to the husband: «With bad feeling I wait July«
Russian thought ». Most likely, there will make it is necessary me terrible
execution Valery» (Valery Bruces meant). But the collection "are
accurate" of 1914 brings Ahmatovoi the All-Russia glory and confirms in
the literature concept «ahmatovskoi lines».
Gradually
its relations with the husband come to naught. Ahmatova still lives at it in
Imperial village, for the summer leaving in Gumilevyh Slepnevo's manor in the
Tver province (later «the Tver poor earth» will receive reflexion in its
creativity). In the autumn of 1914 Nikolay Gumilev leaves on front the
volunteer. Anna Andreevna is treated at this time for a tuberculosis in
Finland, later in Sevastopol. After divorce with Gumilev in 1918 Ahmatova marries
for assiriologa and poet V.K. Shilejko.
During
illness on the foreground there is an interest of the poetess to the Russian
classics. Pushkin became one of sources of creative pleasure and inspiration
for Ahmatovoi. To it belong literary articles - the analysis of its products,
and also researches of its biography. In two decades, in days of hushing up of
its creativity, Pushkin again becomes a spiritual and material support for . In
September, 1917 there is a collection «White flight». According to the critic.
M. Ejhenbauma, it is penetrated «by sensation of private life as lives
national, historical», that well transferred mood of an epoch and the relation
of the poetess to the present: she has not left the native land, feeling
responsibility for its destiny.
1921
has passed a heavy gait on a life of the poetess. In February it presides over
evening of memory of Pushkin where the Block with speech «About a high
aspiration of a poet» acts and on which there is N.S. Gumilev. At night from
the third Gumilev for August, fourth arrest, three days the Block later dies,
in two weeks Gumilev shoot. Then leaves Ahmatova with Shileiko. In a
counterbalance of tragedy of private life which it then still will mourn in
"Requiem", this year the poetess lets out two collections,
"Plantain" (in April, even before tragical events) and «Anno Domini»
- in October; in October it comes back to the vigorous activity, participates
in literary evenings, in work of the literary organisations, is published in
the periodical press. In January 1922 Ahmatova gets acquainted with Pasternak,
hardly later – with Bulgakov.
In
the twentieth years there are two books about Ahmatovoi, behind V. Vinogradova
and B. Ejhenbauma's authorship. The second book could play a fatal role in
destiny of the poetess. The literary encyclopaedia of these years has given
description Ahmatovoi in its own lines taken out of context: «not that the nun,
not that the loose woman», - taken together with the deformed analysis from
book Eihenbaum. In 1924 new verses Ahmatovoi are published last time before a
break. It exclude from the Union of writers. New flash of a tuberculosis has
resulted it in sanatorium of Tsarskoe Selo where it is treated together with
wife Mandelshtama.
In
the end of 1922 for one and a half decades Ahmatova links the life with critic
N.N. Puninym. Having moved in 1926 in a garden wing of the Sheremetevsky palace
- the Gushing House, it continues to happen in the Marble palace at Shileiko,
caring about it and about its Pouninem. In the same apartment of the Gushing
House together with P continued to live and its first wife Anna Arens with their
small daughter Èðîé.
When Arens left for work, Ahmatova looked after the child. Atmosphere in the
house was strained. These years Ahmatova helped Punin with its work in Academy
of arts, translating aloud proceedings from French, English and Italian. Thanks
to it Ahmatovoi it is possible to achieve that to the Lion, the son shot «the
enemy of the people», have allowed to continue education in a grammar school,
and then at university.
Not
having possibility to print the verses, Ahmatova lost means of subsistence.
Rubens's published in 1937 the translation of letters, has brought to it the
earnings first for many years. At an abject poverty the main line of Ahmatovsky
shape wonderfully remained: carstvennost, deprived of arrogance, but full of
advantage. L.K. Chukovsky recollected: «Has come - in an old coat, in the faded
flattened out hat, in rough stockings. Statnay, fine, as always». Remained both
character, and desire to help people. So, in the late thirties in the
neighbourhood with Ahmatovoi a vein the young woman with two little boys. In
the afternoon when it was on work, Ahmatova looked after children.
In
1935 have been arrested son Ahmatovoj the Lion Gumilev and Punin, and shortly
before they be its good friend poet Mandelshtam. After written reference Ahmatovoi
to Stalin the son and Punina have released, but in 1938 of the Lion have again
arrested and have sentenced to execution. Only the subsequent repressirovanie
executioners has rescued it from sentence execution. Experiences of these
painful years have made a cycle "Requiem" which Ahmatova two decades
did not dare to write down. Verses were remembered fragments by friends and
relatives. Chukovsky recollects, how Ahmatova in the Gushing house, silently
having specified to eyes on a ceiling and walls and loudly speaking about
trifles, wrote it on leaves new verses from "Requiem" and at once
burnt them over an ashtray.
In
1939 after Stalin's semiinterested remark dare to publish its collection «From
six books», acceptable selection including along with the past by old verses
and new compositions. Pasternak wrote Ahmatovoi, once again laying in hospital,
that turns behind its book were stretched on two streets. Soon the book has got
under an interdiction and has been withdrawn from libraries.
To
the first months of Great Patriotic War Ahmatova writes poster poems. Under the
order of the authorities it evacuate from Leningrad till the first blockade
winter, and a half a year she spends two in Tashkent. Writes many verses, works
over «the Poem without the hero», the epos about Petersburg the beginnings of
the century.
In
the first post-war years Ahmatova attracts on itself Stalin's who has learnt
about visit to it of English historian I.Berlina anger. Central Committee VKP
decision «About magazines" Stars "and "Leningrad" for 1946
has been directed against Ahmatovoi and Zoshenko. There was an interdiction for
publications. The exception has been made in 1950 when Ahmatova has written
verses by an anniversary Stalin in desperate attempt to help the son arrested
once again.
Last
decade lives Ahmatovoi its verses have gradually come to the new reader. In
1965 the total collection "Flight of time" is published. On a decline
of days Ahmatovoi it was allowed to accept the Italian literary award
Etna-Taormina in 1964 and a rank of the honourable doctor of the Oxford
university in 1965. On March, 5th, 1966 in Domodedovo Anna Andreevna Ahmatova
has died. Over it read the burial service in the Sea cathedral.
Difficult,
reaching thirst of madness not to feel a pain, a life. And, nevertheless, a
result of all sufferings and an essence of all existence Ahmatova has expressed
one line of the autobiography: «I did not cease to write verses». «For me in
them - my communication with time, with a new life of my people. When I wrote
them, I lived those rhythms which sounded in heroic history of my country. I am
happy, that the vein these years and saw events which was not equal».
Anna
Andreevny Ahmatovoj's poetry
Anna
Andreevna Ahmatova created during very difficult time, time of accidents and
social shocks, revolutions and wars. To poets in Russia during that rough epoch
when people forgot, that such freedom, often it was necessary to choose between
free creativity and a life.
But,
despite all these circumstances, poets still continued to work wonders:
wonderful lines and stanzas were created.
Source
of inspiration for Ahmatovoi steels the Native land, Russia scolded, but from
it become even more close and rodnee. Anna Ahmatova could not leave in
emigration as she knew, that only in Russia it what exactly in Russia its
poetry is necessary can create.
But
let's recollect the beginning of a way of the poetess. Its first verses have
appeared in Russia in 1911 in magazine "Apollo", and next year there
was also a poetic collection "Evening". Almost at once Ahmatova it
has been put by critics abreast the greatest Russian poets. All world early,
and in much and late lyrics Ahmatovoj has been connected with Alexander Blokom.
The muse of the Block has appeared married muse Ahmatovoi. The hero blokovskoi
poetry was the most considerable and characteristic "man's" hero of
an epoch whereas the heroine of poetry Ahmatovoi was the representative of a
"female" epoch. From images of the Block there is a hero ahmatovskoi
lyric poets. Ahmatova in the verses is in an infinite variety of female
destinies: mistresses and wives, the widow and mother changing and left. Ahmatova
has shown in art difficult history of female character of a critical epoch, its
sources, ëîìêè, new formation. That
is why in 1921, during a drama time of the and general life, Ahmatova has
managed to write updatings of a line amazing with spirit:
All
is plundered, betrayed, sold,
Black
death the wing flashed,
All
hungry melancholy it is eaten,
Why
to us it became light?
So
in a sense Ahmatova was also the revolutionary poet. But it always remained the
poet traditional, put under a banner of Russian classics, first of all Pushkin.
Development of the Pushkin world proceeded all life.
There
is a centre which as though reduces to itself all other world of poetry, it
appears the basic nerve, idea and a principle. It is love. The elements of
female soul inevitably should begin with such statement of in love. In one of
poems Ahmatova named love «the fifth season». The feeling, in itself sharp and
extraordinary, receives an additional sharpness, being shown in limiting crisis
expression - launch or the falling, the first meeting or the made rupture,
danger of death or deadly melancholy therefore Ahmatova so gravitates to a
lyrical short story with unexpected, is often whimsical-whimsical end of a
psychological plot and to íåîáû÷íîñòÿì
a lyrical ballad, horrible and mysterious.
Usually
its verses - or the drama beginning, or only its culmination, or even more
often the ending and the termination. Here again she leant against a wide
experience Russian any more only poetry, but also prose:
Glory
to you, a hopeless pain,
The
grey-eyed king has died yesterday.
And
behind a window rustle a poplar:
Is
not present on the earth of your king.
Verses
Ahmatovoi bear special elements of love-pity:
About
is not present, I not loved you,
Scorched
delightful fire,
So
explain, what force
In
sad your name.
The
world of poetry Ahmatovoi - the world tragical. Motives of a trouble, tragedy,
sound in poems "Slander", "Last", «In 23 years» and others.
In
days of reprisals, the hardest tests when her husband will shoot, and the son
will appear in prison, creativity becomes unique rescue, «last freedom». The
muse has not left the poet, and she has written great "Requiem".
Thus, in creativity Ahmatovoi the life was reflected; creativity was her life.
The
native earth.
Not
with those I who has thrown the earth
On
worry to enemies.
I
shall not accept their rough flattery,
I
of the will not give songs to them.
But
the exile is eternally pity to me,
As
the prisoner, as the patient.
Your
road, the wanderer is dark,
As
wormwood bread the stranger smells.
And
here, in the deaf person to the child of a fire
The
youth rest ruining,
We
uniform blow
Have
not rejected from itself.
Also
we know, that in an estimation late
Each
hour will be justified...
But
in the world there are no people more ruthlessly,
More
haughty and easier us.
The
analysis of poem Ahmatovoi «Native earth».
Late
Anna Andreevna Ahmatova leaves a genre of "a love diary”, a genre in which
she did not know contenders and which it has left, maybe, even with some fear
and ogladkoi, and passes to meditations about a history role. Ahmatova has
written about A.S. Pushkin: «It does not become isolated from the world, and
goes to the world». It was also its road - to the world, to sensation of a
generality with it.
Meditations
about destiny of the poet lead to meditations about destiny of Russia, the
world.
In
the beginning of a poem of Anna Andreevny Ahmatovoj «the Native earth» two
final lines of the poem composed most Ahmatovoi in postrevolution years are
taken out. And it begins so:
«Not
with those I who has thrown the earth
On
worries to enemies ».
Ahmatova
has not wished then to adjoin number of emigrants though many of its friends
have appeared abroad. The decision to remain in the Soviet Russia was not
neither the compromise with the Soviet people, nor the consent with the course
chosen by it. Business in other. Ahmatova felt, that only having shared lot
with own people, it can remain as the person and as the poet. And this
presentiment has appeared prophetic. In the thirtieth - the sixtieth years its
poetic voice has got unexpected force and power. Having incorporated all pain
of time, its verses have towered over it and became expression of universal
sufferings. A poem «the Native earth» brings an original result to the relation
of the poet to the native land. The name has double sense. The
"Earth" is and the country with people occupying it and with the
history, and simply soil on which people go. Ahmatova as though returns to
value the lost unity. It allows it to enter into a poem remarkable images: «
Dirt on galoshes "," a crunch on a teeth », - receiving metaphorical
loading. Concerning Anna Ahmatovoj to the native earth is not present
sentimentality sides. The first quatrain is constructed on negation of those
actions which can be connected with patriotism display:
«In
treasured ëàäàíàõ we do not carry
on a breast,
About
it verses navzred it is not composed … ».
These
actions seem it unworthy: in them there is no sober, courageous sight at
Russia. Anna Ahmatova does not perceive the of the country as «promised
paradise» - too many in domestic history testifies to the tragical parties of
Russian life. But is not present here and insults for those actions which the
native earth «brings living on it». There is a proud humility to that share
which it represents us. In this humility, however, there is no call. Moreover,
in it is not present and the realised choice. And in it is weakness of
patriotism Ahmatovoi. The love to Russia is not for it a result of the passed
spiritual way as it was at Lermontov or the Block; this love is given it initially.
Its patriotic feeling is absorbed with parent milk and consequently cannot be
subjected any rationalistic corrective amendments.
Communication
with the native earth is felt at all on spiritual, and at physical level: the
earth represents an integral part of our person because to all of us is
foreordained to merge corporally with it - after death:
«But
we lay down in it and we become it,
Because
also we call so freely - the ».
In
a poem three sections that is underlined and graphically are allocated.
First
eight lines are constructed, as a chain of parallel negative designs. The ends
of phrases coincide with the ends of lines that creates the measured
"persevering" information which is underlined by rhythmics of an
iambic pentameter.
After
that the quatrain written trehstopnem anapestom follows. Change of the sizes
throughout one poem - the phenomenon rare enough in poetry. In this case this
rhythmic fault serves for opposition to a stream of negations, the statement
for how by the collective lyrical hero the native earth all the same is
perceived. The statement it has lowered enough character that amplifies anaforicheskim
repetition:
«Yes,
for us it is a dirt on galoshes,
Yes,
for us it is a crunch on a teeth … ».
And,
at last, in the ending trehstopnei anapest it is replaced by the tetrameter.
Such fault of metre gives to two last lines of width of poetic breath which
find a support in infinite depth of the prisoner in them of sense.
Anna
Andreevny Ahmatovoj's poetry «ate - even in initial verses - feeling of the
native land, a pain about the native land, and this theme sounded in its poetry
all more loudly
…
About what she wrote last years, always in its verses the persistent thought
about historical destinies of the country with which it is connected by all
roots of the of a being » was felt. (K. Chukovsky)
The
conclusion
Anna
Andreevna Ahmatova has created surprising lyrical system in Russian poetry,
having connected the creativity new poetry of 20 centuries with great poetry of
19 centuries.
Poetry
Ahmatovoi represents as if the novel sated with the most thin psychologism.
In
verses Ahmatovoi the life, which essence in its first books is developed and
makes love. And when it leaves the person, leaves to stop it fair pangs of
conscience cannot even: «In an illness sad washing the flesh, And free spirit
already pochiet pines is serene». Only it is seeming serenity, it is
devastating, generating sad comprehension, that in the house left by love
"not absolutely safely".
Ahmatova
did not aspire to cause in the reader sympathy, and furthermore - pity: the
heroine of its verses does not require it.
For
Ahmatovoi art is capable to incorporate the world and by that to do it more
richly, and it defines its effective force, a place and a role of the artist in
a life of people.
The
list of the used literature
1 Good. Ä.Ä,
Timothies. Ë.È,
Leontev. À.À
the children's encyclopaedia volume 11 language and the literature, 1976ã.
2 Life Ahmatovoi
1987ã.